Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU

The proliferation of the Internet has created a new arena for the government to regulate. Passed in 1998, The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was intended to keep minors from accessing harmful material on the World Wide Web. COPA relies on community standards to identify material to be banned from the Web. In John Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU contended that COPA is in violation of the First Amendment because it prevents adults from accessing material that they have a constitutional right to view. Lower courts agreed, including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which found fault with the community standards provision. The court maintained that the very nature of the Internet makes it impossible to restrict access to a site based on geographic location of the user. In a reversal of this view, the Supreme Court ruled with a majority of eight to one that COPA’s reliance on community standards to judge obscenity harmful to children do es not violate the First Amendment. Writing the majority opinion in this case was Justice Clarence Thomas. He defended Congress’s attempt to tone down the Communications Decency Act, which was declared unconstitutional in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union. While the CDA covered all aspects of the Internet including email, COPA applies only to material on the World Wide Web made â€Å"for commercial purposes.† Also, COPA only restricts â€Å"material that is harmful to minors† unlike the CDA, which covered the broader realm of all â€Å"indecent and patently offensive communications.† This opinion of the court asserted that COPA, by defining material harmful to minors in a parallel fashion to the court’s definition of obscenity, would not restrict the wide range material Web in the way the Communications Decency Act had. In drawing up COPA, Congress used Miller v. California as a basis to define material harmful to minor as: Any communication, picture, ... Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU The proliferation of the Internet has created a new arena for the government to regulate. Passed in 1998, The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was intended to keep minors from accessing harmful material on the World Wide Web. COPA relies on community standards to identify material to be banned from the Web. In John Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU contended that COPA is in violation of the First Amendment because it prevents adults from accessing material that they have a constitutional right to view. Lower courts agreed, including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which found fault with the community standards provision. The court maintained that the very nature of the Internet makes it impossible to restrict access to a site based on geographic location of the user. In a reversal of this view, the Supreme Court ruled with a majority of eight to one that COPA’s reliance on community standards to judge obscenity harmful to children do es not violate the First Amendment. Writing the majority opinion in this case was Justice Clarence Thomas. He defended Congress’s attempt to tone down the Communications Decency Act, which was declared unconstitutional in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union. While the CDA covered all aspects of the Internet including email, COPA applies only to material on the World Wide Web made â€Å"for commercial purposes.† Also, COPA only restricts â€Å"material that is harmful to minors† unlike the CDA, which covered the broader realm of all â€Å"indecent and patently offensive communications.† This opinion of the court asserted that COPA, by defining material harmful to minors in a parallel fashion to the court’s definition of obscenity, would not restrict the wide range material Web in the way the Communications Decency Act had. In drawing up COPA, Congress used Miller v. California as a basis to define material harmful to minor as: Any communication, picture, ...

Tips to Searching the Google News Archive

Tips to Searching the Google News Archive Google News Archive offers a wealth of digitized historic newspapers online - many of them for free. The Google newspaper archive project was discontinued by Google many years ago but, although they stopped digitizing and adding new papers and removed their useful timeline and other search tools, the historical newspapers that were previously digitized remain. The downside of this is that,  due to poor digital scanning and OCR (optical character recognition), a simple search of the Google newspaper archive rarely pulls up anything but major headlines.  In addition, Google News has continued to deprecate their newspaper archive service, making it extremely difficult to search  for content prior to 1970, although they have hundreds of digitized newspaper titles  prior to this date.   You can improve your chances of finding great info in Google News Archive with a few simple search strategies. Use Google Web Search Searching within Google News (even the advanced search) no longer returns results older than 30 days, so be sure to use web search when searching for older articles. Google Web Search doesn’t support custom date ranges earlier than 1970 or content behind a paywall - but that doesnt mean you wont find content prior to 1970 by searching, you just cant restrict your searches to only that content. Check Availability First A full list of the digitized historical newspaper content is available online at the  Google News Archive. It generally pays to start here to see if your area and time period has coverage, although if youre looking for something interesting or potentially newsworthy (a railroad accident, for example) you may find it also reported in papers from outside the area. Restrict Sources While it is most common to search for individuals in a specific location, Google no longer offers the option to restrict your search to a particular newspaper title. Each newspaper does have a specific newspaper ID (found after nid in the URL when you select the title from the newspaper list), but the site search restriction does not consider this. Instead, try using a newspaper title in quotes, or  use just a single word from the title of the paper to restrict your search; thus a source restriction for Pittsburgh will turn up results from both the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Date Restrict To search content older than 30 days, use the Google  advanced web search page  to restrict your search by date or date range. You can bypass the restriction on dates older than 1970 by using Googles site search feature on the news archive alone. This isnt precise, as it will include any mention of that date or year and not just papers published on the date youve selected, but it is better than nothing.   Example:  site:news.google.com/newspapers pittsburg 1898 Use Generic Terms Browse through several issues of your newspaper of interest to become familiar with the general layout of the paper and the terms used most often in your sections of interest. For example, if youre looking for an obituary, did they commonly use the term obituaries, or deaths or death notices, etc. to head that section? Sometimes section headers were too fancy to be recognized by the OCR process, so also look for words frequently found in the general text then use that search term to look for content. Consider whether your term is appropriate for the time period as well. If youre searching contemporary newspapers for information on World War One you will need to use search terms such as great war, because it wasnt called World War One until after the commencement of World War Two. Browse This Paper For best results when searching digitized historical newspaper content in Google, there really is no way around using the browse feature rather than search. All things considered, its still better than having to go down to the library to look at microfilm. Begin with the newspaper list to browse directly to a specific newspaper title in the Google News Archive. Once you select a title of interest, you can easily navigate to a specific date using the arrows or, even faster, by entering the date in the date box (this can be a year, month and year, or a specific date). When youre in the newspaper view, you can get back to the browse page by selecting the Browse this newspaper link above the digitized newspaper image. Locating a Missing Issue If Google appears to have newspapers from your month of interest but is missing a few particular issues here or there, then take time to view all pages of the available issues both before and after your target date. There are many examples of Google running together several newspaper issues and then listing them only under the date of the first or last issue, so you can be browsing an issue for Monday, but end up in the middle of the Wednesday edition by the time you browse all of the available pages. Downloading, Saving, and Printing Google News Archive does not currently offer a direct way to download, save, or print newspaper images. If you want to clip an obituary or other small notice for your personal files, the easiest way to do this is to take a screenshot. Enlarge your browser window with the relevant page/article from Google News Archive so that it fills your entire computer screen.Use the enlarge button in Google News Archive to enlarge the article you want to clip to an easy to read size that fits entirely within your browser window.Hit the Print Screen or Prnt Scrn button on your computer keyboard to capture a screenshot.Open your favorite photo editing software and look for the option to open or paste a file from your computers clipboard. This will open the screenshot taken of your computer browser window.Use the Crop tool to crop the article in which youre interested and then save it as a new file (try including the newspaper title and date in the file name).If youre running Windows Vista, 7 or 8, make it easier on yourself and use the Snipping Tool instead. If you cant find historical newspapers in Google Newspaper Archive for your area and time period of interest, then Chronicling America is another source for free, digitized historical newspapers from the United States. Several subscription websites and other resources also offer access to online historical newspapers.

The Afterlife and Heaven Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Afterlife and Heaven - Term Paper Example This essay considers the nature of heaven and the afterlife from the Catholic and the Jewish perspectives. The Catholic perception of heaven is well conceived and highly articulate. The Catholic version and understanding of heaven comes largely from the New Testament of the Bible, however it is referenced in the Old Testament. While there is no clearly defined version of heave, as the apostle writers of the Gospels all conceived it from slightly different perspectives, its clear that there are a number of unifying features. Physically heaven is said to the area that exists above the clouds in the blue firmament. As early as Genesis the Bible makes reference to this aspect of Heaven. Genesis indicates that the bird fly under the, â€Å"firmament of heaven† (Genesis, 1:20). In other books of the Bible there are slightly different connotations. For instance, in other areas of the Bible heaven is indicated to be the area of the sky where the stars reside. One notes in these definition the ancient understanding of the physical world, as the indications of heaven within these regions ar e now well explored and realized areas of the contemporary world. Still, one can begin to understand that the Catholic perspective of heaven presents it as a lofty and high region that is forever out of the reach and realization of earthly mortals. The interior envisionment of heaven has a number of characterizations as well. Within the Catholic religion one of the most pervasive elements of the interior aspects of heaven are that it is replete with angels. Another traditional articulation of heaven, including its containment of angels is that it houses the souls of just individuals. Indeed, this aspect of salvation is one of the cornerstone aspects of not merely the Catholic religion, but the Christian faith. In these regards, its historically been a much debated aspect within

Performance appraisal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance appraisal - Research Paper Example Performance Appraisals should be able to minimize the gap between the evaluation that an employee receives on a particular performance and the actual results the individual has achieved. However, this is seldom achieved. Studies have been conducted on the efficacy of performance appraisal as social and the emotional factors or the cognitive process on performance appraisal has been assessed. While it is vehemently believed that performance appraisal can have positive implications and help improve organizational effectiveness, these studies suggest that organizations have not been able to achieve the intended objectives in conducting performance appraisal. This paper reviews the perceived benefits of performance appraisal and the constraints that have hindered the development of an effective performance appraisal system. Literature Review Performance Appraisal has been defined as the "formal evaluation of an employee's job performance in order to determine the degree to which the empl oyee is performing effectively" (Griffin & Ebert, 2002 cited by Schraeder, Becton & Portis, 2007). Performance management is about improving performance but is often forgotten (Hendry et al, 2006). Aligning with corporate objectives and goals The PA system should be strategically aligned with corporate objectives and goals to achieve the intended results. This requires careful thinking and serious planning as the administrative, developmental, and strategic needs have to be integrated (Caruth & Humphreys, 2008). Therefore, an effective PA system should reflect formalization, job relatedness, standards and measurements, validity, reliability, open communication, trained appraisers, ease of use, employee accessibility to results, review procedures, and appeal procedures. Through written employee handbook the employees should be made aware of the formal procedures and policies. The appraisal factors should account for success or lack of success in performing a job. These should be well understood and uniformly interpreted by all appraisers. For meaningful appraisal standards should be thoughtfully set so that it ensures integration of information into the overall strategic process of the organization. Benefits of PA Performance appraisals are used to determine employee compensation, merit pay, while also facilitating human resource management functions. PA can also provide information about the effectiveness of the firm’s selection and placement programs, in addition to identifying training needs (Pettijohn et al, 2008). The most important function is to provide information and direction to employees which would lead to enhanced performance. PA is meant to gather information for personnel decisions such as rewards, promotion, transfers or termination (Kennedy & Dresser, 2001). It is also used as a tool to identify weaknesses which helps identify training and development needs. However, seldom is there focus on personality traits and behavior. According to Schraeder, Becton and Portis (2007) performance appraisals have definite benefits such as enhanced communication, enhanced employee focus by promoting trust; it leads to goal setting and enhanced performance. Facilitating communication reduces employee uncertainty, according to Schraeder et al while inhibiting or hindering communication is an organizational weakness (Caruth & Humphre

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation Vocabulary is the most active part of language. It can directly reflect the cultural developments. In a sense, vocabulary is the mirror of the culture, so is the color terms. The understanding and feelings to color terms of Chinese and English People are much alike, which underlines the possibility in cross-cultural communication as well as translatability. However the ways of thinking, beliefs, customs and habits of different cultures not only produce failures and misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication but also pose headaches to translators who are trying to produce ideal target texts. For example, color terms, the associations, symbols and implied meanings of color terms to different nations are different because of their different environments, ways of thinking, religious and beliefs. Therefore, in translation practice, the most important is to break the cultural barriers and convey the source cultural message faithfully and effectively. This paper compares and analyzes the culture of the basic color terms in English and Chinese and introduces several methods in translating color terms. This paper first introduces the notions of translation and culture, indicating the important trend in translationcultural translation. Translation has been viewed as cross-cultural communication instead of word to word translation. Then, it analyzes the differences between English and Chinese culture, and the close relationship between translating, language and culture. In the main part, the paper deals with cultural connotations of basic color terms in English and Chinese and the causes for similarities and discrepancies by citing several examples. By the contrastive study of cultural connotations of basic color terms between English and Chinese, we can know more about what is going on in peoples mind, in their language and cultural. Keywords: color terms; cultural differences. Chapter One Introduction Color terms are important parts that we get to know our world. There are many common points in knowing color terms between different cultures. Although the amounts in explaining color terms are different, words describe basic color terms such as Red, Black, Blue, Green are the same. Meanwhile, due to the differences in religions, politics and customs; color terms sometimes generate strong cultural characteristics. Color terms are an important part of vocabulary in every language system. Each country has its own color outlook and peoples color outlook is an important part of culture ones. English and Chinese have a long history in language system, they are both rich in color terms, and the same color terms usually share the same meanings. However, different geographic conditions, religions and other elements result in different cultural associations in these two languages. Misunderstanding happens from time to time and barries have been caused in communications. During the past three decades, translation is regarded as a kind of cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural translation in this paper means to bring the same meanings of the issues form one language to another language instead of words from the forms in English to forms in Chinese. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction of this paper. Chapter two shows the translation and culture, giving a detailed depiction of the relationship between culture and translation, and some of the major discrepancies between English and Chinese culture. Chapter three and four are the main part of this paper, some basic color terms such as Red , Black are put to improve the differences and same places between Chinese and English culture in translating. And at the end of the thesis, namely, in the last chapter, a conclusion is drawn. Chapter Two Color Terms and Culture 2.1 Color Terms Color term means the word which stand for a kind of color. This definition is easily understood, but Xiao Junshi (1982:26) once said that color terms do necessarily mean the same thing as colorful terms. Colorful English may appear as idioms or in figurative expressions, while color terms are words which simply show different colors. Like the onomatopoeic word, a color term has little merit in itself. Only when it suggests the image of the original, or fortifies the sense in the version, it has value in translation. As a part of words, color terms are used in writing to exchange information. Classification of Color Terms There are two main kinds of color terms: basic color terms and object color terms. Lu Hongmei (2006:38) defines basic color terms as words used to describe the color of objects when they appear. Basic color terms including seven kinds of colors. In Chinese, they areà ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «. In English, they are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. Although basic color terms contain only a few words, they are very active. Color Terms History in English In western world, people are more rigorous, they take a scientific attitude towards the objective world and objective knowledge. The oldest theory in color terms history is Aristotles Black and White Theory, in which color is made up of brightness and saturation. At that period, all colors were thought as different degrees of mix of white and black. Black and White Theory was ended by Newton who saw seven colors of the sunlight through prism. Color Terms History in Chinese A lot of plants names are used as color terms, especially after the improving of painting. Blue comes from a kind of plant called blue, and red comes from the plant called madder. (Luo geng, P8, 2004) Many Chinese color terms come from the name of plants or minerals. Although there is no theory about the forming of color terms in Chinese history, it is possible to learn a lot of historical things which have relationships with colors. Countless color terms can be found in Chinese poems, essays and novels. The following sentences are some typical examples. à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¦-†¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“† Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" ªÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ °Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He felt as if his head were spinning and his eyes swam before a kale endoscope of red,yellow,green,black,shiny,square,cylindrical,leaping,dancing,shapes(Zhang Peiji, P64, 1979) In this sentence, the color terms emotive function is showing the feeling, color terms can not be instead by the other kinds of words. Above all, color terms play a very important role in both Chinese and English cultures. At the same time, it is true that a translators task in translating color terms is not an easy task. He is the one who belongs to two language-culture backgrounds. He has to serve as a receptor of one message while being an announcer of message in another language of another culture. It is necessary for a translator to know color terms backgrounds and histories well. 2.2 Language, Culture and Translation Language and Culture Language is one of the important constituents of culture. Douglas(1980) once said, A language is a part of culture and culture is a part of language, the two are intricately interwoven so that one can not separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture(Douglas, P76, 1980) Languages are used to form production and explain the how the tool works; and in the situation of institutional culture, language is often in use; and mental culture must be explained and wrote by ways of language. So language is an important symbol of the culture. So it is safe to say that language has two important cultural functions. Firstly, it is the way of holding culture; secondly, it is the media in transmitting culture to youths. Language has such an important influence on a culture that some linguists believe that language and culture hold the keys to maintain national or cultural characteristics. Language is important in national sentiment because of its strong and visible symbolism; it becomes an important symbol. At the same time, language is influenced by culture. From a broad sense, language behavior is brought up by culture. That is to say, the ways of language that you use, are linked with your cultural background. In its most basic point, language is a series of rules for their use in relation to one another. Theyre unique from one culture to another. You may find it when you study another language. Here is an example, Confucianism, founded by Confucius more than 2000 years ago, has been deeply rooted in Chinese culture, Chinese people are taught from their childhood to show respect to the elders, be polite to others. This efficaciously explained the scenes that we see today in China and expressions as à ¥Ã‚ °Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¼Ã…’And address somebody respectfully titles such as à ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã…  to address people and words as à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã‚ to themselves were so commonly heard. Translation and Culture The fact that translating one language into another is necessarily contained both two cultures that results in the close relationship between culture and translation. In the first point, culture has many limitations on translating. As we all know, culture is the identity of a country, which determines its uniqueness from another culture. Both English and Chinese language have their own series of words and expressions that quite different from other cultures, which makes it impossible to find a totally similar word in the target language that we translate to, except creating a new word. For example, à ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’in Chinese and pinkeye and whitegoods in English. Translators should be very careful in translating these words in case of misunderstanding among the readers. Second, the most important roles in translation are to enrich the culture we want to translate to, and to promote the development of the language culture. In a word, language, culture and translation cannot be separated from each other. They depend on each other. Translator should master not only bilingual knowledge but also bicultural knowledge. The Notion of Cultural Translation Translation takes place between languages. With the development of modern translation theories, more and more people believe that translation is a cross-cultural communication. In fact, they have found that cultural factors in international communication are more popular than the purely linguistic differences. Thus in the field of translation studies, translators understanding of translation has changed: from word translation to cultural translation. Shuttleworth (1997:P35) defines cultural translation as any translation which is sensitive to culture as well as linguistic factors. Language is a part of culture, thus translating one language into another can be satisfactory if the translator knows both two culture well. However, language is the soul taker of culture. In the translating course, language is translated or transformed but not culture. The purpose of translating is to make the readers get to know the culture of the countries. Chapter Three Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color Terms 3.1 Contrastive Analysis of Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color terms There are seven basic color terms both in English and Chinese, but the number of color terms are more than 2,000 in the Chinese, and more than 3,000 in English. The English basic color terms are red, pink, yellow, green, blue, black, white, gray, and brown, meanwhile in Chinese they are à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½,à ¨Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ , Basic color terms are often used, they are main parts of this article. 3.1.1 Cultural Equivalence between Black and à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Black is the basic color in both English and Chinese color system. It has not only its own meaning-the opposite of white, but also include the following meanings. Darkness, Death, Misfortune and Sadness Black is regarded as the unlucky color. As we know, the hell in the western fairy tales and the same world in Chinese mythologies are dark places when criminals die. There are some hobgoblins such asà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦-  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸in Chinese hell and Satan in western hell. When people died, his or her relatives wear in black and they felt sad and grief. So black is also connected with sadness and misfortune. In western religion, Black Friday refers to an unlucky day because Jesus Christ died on Friday. In China football history, there are also a bad phenomenon called Black three-minutein 1989 World Cup, because of the defenders mistake, China Mens football team lose the game with 2-1 in the last three minutes. And they failed to go to Rome to take part in the 1990s Italy World Cup Finals. From then on, the Black three-minute is a nightmare of Chinese football team. Dirtiness, Illegality and Evilness In the Ballet opera Swan Lake, the black swan is the symbol of evil and cattiness. Chinese expressions likeà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã‚ º-,à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ´show that black in Chinese is also related the bad and evil. In English culture, expressions are explained in the same meaning, for example: Black money (to get the money through the illegal way) Black-hearted (man who are very evil and greed) Black sheep (a bad guy who do harm to his family or group) Cultural Non-equivalence betweenBlackandà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ In Chinese ancient history, black is regarded as be respect to others: in Xia Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, ministers wear a kind of clothes calledà §Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £(Ziti), which is made up from a black silks. And black is a color making people feel respect to others, and thats why people wear in black in funerals. Ancients always connected the black with the irons factors-hard, they place the color black as the color of justice. So in the Chinese opera, a person with black face is a justice person, such as BaoZheng in Song Dynasty. Black also has some positive meaning in English language. Black dress and black suit are the most popular clothes in western countries. In some important situations, noted public figures and magnates love to wear in black. And people in symphony orchestra wear in black and its show the respect to the audience. Black-hall means the hall which many VIPs and important persons in it. However, the word black is always connected with the black-skinned people, in early times, the black-skinned people were called Negro, but they thought this salutation was pedagogue, so they choose the word black. In western black-skinned people culture, things are connected with them are dubbed the prefix black such as black English, black belt and black nationalism ,etc. Cultural Equivalence Between White andà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ White is the color which opposite to the color black. Brightness In Chinese, animals with white suchà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ½and others is a lucky symbol, it bring the symbol of peace to people. In western countries, people think angles always in white, and the angle is the hand of God, they bring outlook and happy to human beings. Death and Failure White is the color of death in Chinese traditions. When a person died, his or her relatives wear in white, and the clothes calledà ¤Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ , they believe the deaths could go to the heaven. In western countries, the color white also connected with death. White and à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ also means failure. This phenonmen can be seen in the war, when one side of the war hang the white flag, it means they accept the failure and the other side is win. Other Connotations Enjoyed by bothwhiteandà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ White also makes people feel clean and honest. White man means the person is very honest. White also refers to the White-skinned people; the opposite of the black-skinned people. Cultural Non-equivalence Between White andà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ In Chinese operas, White face, for example: CaoCao in Three Kingdom period, symbolizes villainess and brings contempt, people can hardly see the true meaning from his face. Nowadays, white also describes the man who do not understand the meaning the other people says, such asà ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ White in English also has its unique meaningslove. White Valentines Day is the day lovers stay together and celebrate the day. And it originated in 3rd century in Rome. If a girl or boy receives a gift from a boy or girl on February 14th, and he or she gives another gift on March 14th, the actions are called White Valentines Day. Cultural Equivalence Between Red and à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢ Happiness, Luck, Love and Beauty à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢is the favorite color among Chinese. In Chinese traditional festival-Spring Festival, people in his animal year are wearing in red, and he or she want to get higher. The elders give money to the youths in a red bag calledà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦. And the youths always be happy when they receive à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦. In the Chinese traditional weddings, red candles, red veil and red dresses of the brides, all bring the festival atmosphere and make people think that days after wedding will become better and better. Red eggs are given away to friends and relatives on the birth of a baby In western countries, red is the color that shows the love to someone: if a young man give a woman red rose, that means he want to fall in love with the woman, he loves the woman. Aggravation, Violence, Danger and Shyness Red is also linked with same emotions in both English and Chinese. In Chinese, à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã…“ ¼ is used to describe rage and violent actions. The fire truck and alarm light are all painted red to indicate danger. In minds of native speakers of English, red is also associated with sanguineness, danger and violence. However, red face doesnt only mean angry, as we all know, if a boy says I love you. to a girl, the girl also turns her face red, and thats not angry, its shyness. Red is the color of blood, if a person was beat by others and he is injured, the blood could come out from his body, and thats violent. Cultural Non-equivalence between Red andà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢ The color terms red andà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢are not equivalent in many ways. In China,à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢is the symbol of revolution and communism. Chinese national flag,à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦, is red which means being stained red by the blood of the revolutionaries, whileà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¾is a corner of it. Whats more, à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢in Chinese is often used to express ones envy such asà §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢, while in English the word having this function is green. Red in English has some other usages. For instance, Red Nose Day is a day on which an appeal is made for donations for research into sudden infant death syndrome, marked by the distribution of plastic red noses to donors. And this is apparently not embodied in the connotations of à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢in Chinese. 3.2 Causes for Equivalences and Unequivalences Causes for Equivalences Human beings have common factors. They live on the same globe. Although their living and working environment are much different, theyre much in common. Cultures of various countries also have something in common. All these similarities are inevitably reflected in languages. Thats why equivalents can be found in terms of linguistic from and meaning. Black is the color of darkness and some secret and illicit activities always go on in the darkness. So black is extended as illicit. In black market, the business goes on in violation of publicly imposed regulations. Money got through being against ones conscience, such as corruption and bribes, is à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ±, and smuggled goods are à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ´ The similarities in connotation of color terms not only result from the similar perception to the world, but also have something to do with customs of people. In both China and English-speaking countries, people usually roll out red carpet for an important visitor, so there is roll out red carpet in English andà ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¯in Chinese, which indicates a lavish welcome. Causes for Unequivalences In the process of translating, a translator is more often faced with cultural differences. Every country has its own ethnic groups, geographical location, religions beliefs, values, political systems and so on. All these form the differences of national culture, which are also certainly embodied in language, which means culture determines the differences in connotations of color terms. As Lamb (1982: P358) observes, Its clear that religion and culture are inextricably entwined. Most experts agree that religion has endeavored to explain those motions about life that otherwise could not be understood or resolved. The study of religion not only for offers insight into the spiritual and psychological needs of people, but also gives us clues into the social aspects of a culture. The usage of color in religions and their sacred writings exert great influence on the connotations of the color terms. Besides the factors mentioned above, there are other factors influencing the usage of color terms. Some expressions with color terms come from myths, tales and some from literature works. Here we have only named some of the major causes due to the length limitation of this thesis paper. Chapter Four Compensation for the Loss in the Translation of Color Terms Literal Translation Catford (1965: P25) argues that translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point, although because of the necessity of conforming to TL(target language) grammar, the final TT(translation teaching) may also display group-group or clause-clause equivalence. In other words, literal translation aims at preserving the most possible cultural information of the meaning without changing the linguistic forms of the source text, so by offering a foreignized translation it can get not only a very high degree of the informativeness of the cultural meaning transferred from the SL (second language) text, but also a rather high degree of the effectiveness of the transferring of the cultural meaning. Of course, the translation can only be foreigized to such a degree that the target text is still readable. Besides, in a mass of linguistic facts, there are some expressions both in English and Chinese adapting the same color symbols and carrying the same cultural connotations, thus literal translation becomes the only appropriate strategy. Free Translation Newmark (1988: P46) defined free translation as reproduce the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original. From the perspective of cultural translation, the awareness of culture is of great importance for a translator to obtain an ideal rendering in translating practice. A good or ideal translation should accord with the demand and tendency of a particular time and should be understandable and acceptable so that is can enlighten readers to recognize foreign cultural elements. Because of lack of communication, in the past domestication (e.g. free translation) was preferred and most of those renderings that employed foreignizing methods (e.g. literal translation, transliteration) couldnt widely spread. However, because of tendency of cultural integration, foreignizing, methods can serve better for the purpose of cultural translation. Chapter Five Conclusion In the past several decades, cultural translation became an important issue in the field of translation. This paper deals with studying the color terms and its method of translation. It is easy to see that word meaning is the mirror of peoples cultural and social backgrounds. But it may be different in its meaning of this word from the other cultural groups. To better explain the methods of translation in color terms, the author compared the English and Chinese cultures in color terms from sources including historical background, religions, and so on. According to these Chinese and English cultural discrepancies, it is easy to understand the reasons why these two peoples think in different ways, which we should take into consideration. However, there are some shortcomings in this paper. First, the comparison of this paper only focuses on the basic color terms. Second, there is a large number of expressions with color terms in both Chinese and English, and the author cannot write them all, but examples given are enough in this paper because the target of the paper is not only to show the differences and same points., the more important point is to understand the reasons why the similarities and differences between these two cultures. With the development of globalization and international communication, it is necessary to learn cultures well before translating the language which comes from the culture. Color terms are more and more important in translating language. Moreover, mastering color terms translation improves the abilities of translation practice and cross-cultural communication.

Qantas Airlines Essay

Introduction Qantas Airlines, initially known as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited (QANTAS), was founded by two former war pilots, Wilmot Hudson Fysh and Paul McGinness, in 1920 at Queensland, Australia. Qantas is the flag carrier airline for Australia and it is the second oldest airlines in the world. Qantas Airlines headquarters is located in Mascot, Sydney, New South Wales with its major hub at Sydney Airport. The airline began with joy flights in 1920 and by 1922, they carried 871 passengers and logged 54,000 km without severe damage. It also began its airmail service between Charleville and Cloncurry which was their first ever to be scheduled in 1922. In 1935, Qantas operated its first international flight which was a regular four-day trip from Brisbane to Singapore. It has now become Australia’s largest domestic and international airlines with much development. Qantas started advertising via television. It was a television campaign which started in 1967 through a few decades with it targeting American citizens. The ad was a huge success as it was named as one of the greatest commercial of all times. The airlines also promoted its brand by sponsoring a handful of sports team. Qantas is the principal contributor of the â€Å"Qantas Wallabies†, Australia’s national Union Rugby team and the Formula One Australian Grand Prix. It also sponsors the Australian’s national association football team, Socceroos and recently made a deal with Cricket Australia to be the main backer of the Australian national cricket team. Qantas had become so significant that the government bought over it back in 1947 which is a year after the Australian Airlines was formed. Unfortunately, Australian Airlines had a major issue which led to Qantas b eing sold. Qantas was then privatised and since then it has continued to mature despite fighting financial crisis and global turndown for aviation. To regain profit, Qantas have produce subsidiaries such as Jetstar Airways which is Qantas’ low-cost carrier. CEO Alan Joyce was pleased to announce Qantas’ best profit ($250 mil.) since the global financial crisis in 2011, even though the airlines and the aviation suffered from some challenges. Despite everything, it is undeniable that Qantas is regarded as the world’s leading long distance airline and one of the strongest brands in Australia.

The Magna Carte, The Declaration Of Independence, And But...

Throughout out the history of the world many documents have had profound influences upon humanity. The Magna Carte, The Declaration of Independence, and even the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx are examples of some of the documents that have helped to shape humanity. The Bible has had perhaps more impact on humanity than any other Document ever written. Many people read the Bible, but know little of the history of the Bible itself. The history of the Bible is a fascinating story of the creation of the Bible versions seen today. Many people are familiar with at least some of the contents of the Bible, but the average person knows little of the people, processes, and events involved in its creation and translations. The Bible is a collection of texts sacred to Jews and Christians. Judaism and Christianity may both use the word Bible, however the texts included in their respective collections differ. The Bible canons of other religions may contain other books. These books may sometimes have different divisions or combinations. Other religious groups may include additional materials in their respective Bible canon. The Bible is not a singluar work. In fact, many Bibles exist each with differing contents. The history of the Bible begins with the Ten Commandments given to Moses. Some Years later God gave Moses the written and oral Torah. The Torah consists of the Pentateuch and the other twenty books of the Tanakh. The Tanakh contains three subdivisions,