Othello (935 words) Essay Example For Students

Othello (935 words) Essay OthelloDuring the Elizabethan occasions it was extraordinary for individuals of color to carry on rolesin plays. Shakespeare acquaints this with his crowd in two plays, the firstTitus Andromicus and the subsequent Othello. The primary dark character, Aaron, isportrayed as an optional scoundrel. Othello then again is of higher statusthan a considerable lot of his companions in the play. This was diverse for Shakespeare topresent a minority individual with so much authority as a principle character. Indeed, even withsuch, a wide range of racial slurs were utilized by supporters to corrupt him. In ActI, Scene I, Iago, the scoundrel in this play and simultaneously the privilege handman of Othello, is shouting to Desdemonas father from the outside of hishouse even now, presently, very now, an old dark slam is tupping your white ewe(Shakespeare 1051). The thick-lips (Shakespeare 1050) is referenced in thisplay towards Othello however isn't the first run through Shakespeare utilizes it. He utilizes thephrase in Titus Andronicus to portray the biracial offspring of the Moor, Aaron. We will compose a custom paper on Othello (935 words) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Field is another term much of the time used to distinguish those darker cleaned individuals. (Shakespeare 1052). Brabantio goes similar to blaming Othello for black magic. Hesays that Othello more likely than not utilized medications and minerals to get Desdemona tomarry his dingy chest. Iago actuates the characters in this play dospeak foul of Othello. It is very evident from the earliest starting point of the story thatIago is selling out Othello. Iago notices to Roderigo I am not what I am. The selection of words he utilized towards Othello doesn't really imply that he isa bigot yet simultaneously I don't feel that Othellos Quintana - 2-foundation impacts the occasions in this play. With or without Othello being a Moorthe result of the play would have filled in also. Ridiculing, which is the way Idescribe what Iago was doing all through the play, is a typical method of attempting todegrade somebody even in todays society. You attempt to discover something in youropponent that recognizes him from yourself and the individuals who protect you andyou utilize this to separate their regard. Iago, out of desire, gets back to Othellonames behind his and still with this. Iago is extremely smart in makingOthello powerless against his promise. Iagos control to Othello is neverspecified to be race related albeit racial slurs are what he constantlyrepeats. He just uses these comments to taunt Othello. This is proof thatleads me to accept that if Shakespeare would not have made Othel lo of the samerace as the remainder of the characters the plot of this story would have remainedthe same and it would have streamed similarly too. Shakespeare would simply have hadto utilize other non-racial yet separating words against Othello. Love andjealousy are the focal sentiments depicted in this story, not bigotry. All Iagowants is to assume control over the initiative force that Othello has. He appreciates creatingchaos as all scoundrels do and will persevere relentlessly to get what he needs. Thisdemonstrates the insidious he has inside himself. Iago convinces Roderigo to sell allof his things so that there might be an opportunity among him and Desdemona. (Shakespeare 1065) Two-confronted Iago likewise thrives Desdemona with his gestures of recognition. (Shakespeare 1068) is portraying himself as a reliable companion in her eyeseveryone is effectively affected by Iago. He has his way with everybody. NeitherRoderigo nor Desdemona are distinctive in shading Quintana - 3-composition for Iagoto trick them yet he does at any rate. They are all piece of his disloyalty. Iago isall for himself. He even goes to the degree of persuading his better half to take ahandkerchief from Desdemona and afterward made it part of his plan. There were nolimits for him. He brought down whomever he needed to. Despite the fact that Othello was blackhe was incorporated into the Venetian culture and was additionally the states militarychampion against the Turks, which made his status equivalent to that of Desdemonasfather, Brabantio. Before Othello having stolen away with Desdemona Brabantio hadinvited this Moor to his home and held this dark man as one of his companions. Buteven having the entirety of this position Othello is in any case a pariah and he isver y much mindful of this. Othello discloses to us this in Act I, Scene III when hementions his soldier of fortune at a leased field. Othellos dark skin shading isless a racial issue than a social discriminator. All things considered racialstereotyping rather tham straightforward division among Venetian and non-Venetian doessurface in Othello. In the brains of Shakespeares crowd individuals of color wereidentified with black magic and other non-Christian notions. Brabantioaccuses Othello of black magic, saying that the Moor more likely than not utilized medications andminerals to defeat Desdemona to his dirty chest. In act III scene IVOthellos clarification of the missing hanky infers that his motherengaged in charms that she gained through other non-whites, for this situation anEgyptian. Race plays less a factor than what most pundits portrays it. .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d , .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d .postImageUrl , .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d , .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d:hover , .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d:visited , .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d:active { border:0!important; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d:active , .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e14 07f2349ce7d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub7e94bbcd4d02b9416e1407f2349ce7d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Rogerian Arguments EssayOthello being a minority yet simultaneously holding such high status insociety, despite the fact that Quintana - 4-molded to his helpfulness to Venice,proves this. It was basic for Skakepeares crowd to generalization andassociate his shading composition with black magic however in no way, shape or form indistinguishable from whatoccurs in present day society. Bibliography1. Meyer, Michael. Othello The Moor of Venice. The Compact BedfordIntroduction to Literature. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000 2. Moore,Roger. Hamlet Click-Guide. All Shakespeare last refreshed 1 July2000 Available from World Wide Web: URL: http://www.allshakespeare.com3. Ogude, S. E. Writing and Racism: The Example of Othello: NewEssays by Black Writers. Ed. Mythili Kaul Washington, D. C.: Howard UniversityPress, 1997, pp. 151-166

Cognitive behavioral therapy

I will introduce a rundown of the two methodologies followed by basic reflection upon their exceptive sources, similitudes, contrasts and use by and by. Carl Rogers, originator of the individual focused methodology, imagined it in the late 1 backtalk when the remedial foundation was commanded by therapy, which holds that mental issues result from youth obsessions and natural drives covered in the oblivious brain, and behaviorism, which centers around the annalistic component of propensities creating as a response to stimuli.Rogers couldn't help contradicting these methodologies' origination of the customer as ‘weak' or ‘broken' and the specialist as the master with the instruments to ‘fix' him Cashmere, 201 1). On the other hand, the individual focused methodology is believed to be established in three interrelated ways of thinking (Cashmere, 2011 humanism, existentialism and phenomenology. Humanism is essentially a faith in the respect and worth of every person, an d that every individual is occupied with a battle towards ‘self-completion', I. E. Satisfaction of potential somehow or another, which ought to be recognized and respected.Existentialism holds that there is no target truth or meaning and that people are hence ‘condemned to be free', with all out obligation regarding making significance in our individual lives, and homogeneity is a related strategy for social/philosophical enquiry worried about understanding the abstract reality experienced by every person. Drawing on these impacts, Rogers built up various key principles of individual focused advising, three of which he named the ‘core states of helpful change'.These are that, right off the bat, the advisor encounters ‘unconditional positive respect' for the customer; the customer is caused to feel that all that he feels and communicates is similarly adequate, significant and esteemed. Besides, the advisor encounters an 'empathic comprehension' of he customer, which implies that as the customer is talking, the specialist precisely faculties his sentiments and individual qualities †including those he may not be legitimately mindful of.Thirdly, the specialists unequivocal positive respect and empathic understanding must be successfully passed on to the customer (Rogers, 1957, refered to in Ballasting Dyke's, 2010). Page 1 of 6 These principles serve to accentuation the job of the advisor in encouraging the customer's accomplishment of ‘self-realization' - turning into a mentally full grown-up who is calm with their encounters and trusts their own inward sources to assist them with adapting to challenges. As in phenomenology, the specialist is worried about understanding the world as saw by the client.To work inside the ‘core conditions', an advisor must go about as another individual as opposed to a ‘expert' and must abstain from anticipating his very own implications onto the customer's circumstance no matter what, in spite of the fact that he ought to stay mindful of them as his very own component humankind. Rogers' hypothesis is that the helpful relationship, instead of a particular procedure or treatment, will itself encourage change. He accepted that any analysis or objective setting just typifies customers, and that singular implications ought to be treated as the â€Å"highest authority† (Ballasting Dyke's, 2010).The individual focused methodology additionally offers a hypothesis clarifying the birthplaces of unendurable passionate pain. Where there is a contention between how an individual feels, or is (the ‘organism self') and how he figures he should feel, or be (the ‘self-idea'), the outcome is ‘incongruence'. At the point when an individual is incongruent, he is encountering contemplations and sentiments that are unsuitable as indicated by his self-idea. This outcomes in the work of reverence components, for example, constraint, mutilation or humble of emoti ons, close by heightening disarray and unhappiness.In individual focused directing, the advisor models consistency †he is acting naturally and his encounters coordinate what he conveys to the customer †and his ‘unconditional positive respect' is proposed to enable the customer to start to acknowledge all parts of himself and in this manner move towards coinciding (Ballasting Dyke's, 2010). Care, contrastingly, isn't principally a treatment in itself (in spite of the fact that there are kinds of treatment dependent on upon Buddhist lessons) but instead a technique for managing enduring which has been coordinated into a few sorts f treatment, eminently subjective conduct treatment (CB).An essential piece of Buddhist way of thinking, care is an interpretation of a Pail word meaning ‘recollection'. To ‘recollect' an attention to the current second methods watching, without judgment, present considerations, emotions, sensations and more extensive setting. Esse ntially, this incorporates any sort of passionate inconvenience or languishing. It is placed that numerous individuals endeavor to guard themselves feeling, shielding themselves from the things they dread and attempting to accomplish the things they worth and desire.People hunger for what they don't have and get a handle on onto what they do - ? framing enthusiastic connections to thoughts, assets or individuals so as to divert themselves from the truth of life, which is that it includes enduring and will end in death (Barker, 2010). Hayes (2005, refered to in Barker, 2010) utilizes the expression ‘psychological sand trap' to portray the manner in which we can â€Å"sink more profound into our feelings† when we attempt to battle against them. To battle Page 2 of 6 against awkward emotions, regardless of whether by diverting ourselves or by attempting to constrain them to change, just extends and fuels struggle and anguish.Furthermore, while controlling or maintaining a strategic distance from sentiments doesn't work and we are arced to recognize them, we may over-relate to them, see them as perpetual and feel caught inside them. Acknowledgment is the principal fundamental component of care; rather than â€Å"feeling miserable about inclination sad†, the option is to acknowledge troublesome emotions, delicately and inquisitively, as just piece of the entire second. ‘Being present' is the subsequent component; this includes endeavoring, through training, to concentrate upon the present moment.Ruminating over the past may bring about our preparing current considerations and emotions as a feature Of a general account, which hinders our understanding fix only for what they are, and concentrating on future objectives keeps us from seeing that we will never be completely fulfilled; joy must be in the endeavourer, right now. The third component is mindfulness. Getting profoundly mindful of considerations and manners of thinking implies that w e abstain from turning out to be ‘carried away' via programmed forms to the detriment of reason and control.Mindfulness is frequently worked on utilizing reflection however can be utilized as a major aspect of treatment or with regards to everyday exercises (Barker, 2010). The most sending out likeness to vibe IS the reverberation between the care related articulation ‘psychological sand trap' and the individual focused idea of ‘incongruence'. Basically, the two methodologies find the reason for enduring in the error between how individuals genuinely feel, or really are, and how they accept they should feel or ought to be.Accordingly, the two methodologies advocate acknowledgment and legitimating of all pieces of oneself, despite the fact that the individual focused methodology sees this as being encouraged by the remedial relationship, while in care it happens because of rehearsing ‘acceptance', ‘being present' and ‘awareness' through procedures, for example, commitment. Appeared (1996, refered to in Barker, 2010) contends that it was the reverberation between some humanistic and Buddhist thoughts that prompted Buddhism rising notoriety in Western culture since the 1 backtalk; care hypotheses applied in the West are subsequently at any rate to some degree identified with the humanist approach.Certainly the two methodologies share a faith in phenomenological subjectivity and the destructiveness Of various leveled, unbendable tenets. In any case, from the outset, care may show up more ideologically-based. Where the individual fixated approach centers around the individualized ‘organism self' neglecting to arrive at the self idea', care takes a firmer position in that it underlines the hurtfulness of all ‘craving or ‘grasping, in every person, as a disavowal of the real factors of anguish and passing. Page 3 of 6 These parts of the two methodologies show up oppositely opposed.Should enduring individuals cente r around themselves, or would it be a good idea for them to move towards concentrating in general setting encompassing them so as to increase point of view? Mann Bazaar is an individual focused advisor who, all the more as of late, has joined care methods as a major aspect of his training (Bazaar, 2009). He accentuates the â€Å"erosion† of self that a careful assessment of oneself can ring about: ‘What contemplation in the long run does to one individual is to leave one's identity†¦ That pulverizes the very establishment of our western culture which is established on sense of self, on self, on acquiring†¦The more I'm mindful, the more I glance around, the more I see the full ramifications of affliction' (Open University, 201 AAA). Barker (2010) likewise contends that being in a condition of careful mindfulness is a proper establishment for activity, and that relinquishing ‘craving' and ‘grasping' diminishes narrow minded conduct seeing someone. Th e individual focused methodology has pulled in analysis for as far as anyone knows being â€Å"theory-thin† (Cashmere, 201 1). Be that as it may, as has been appeared, it is established in humanism, existentialism and phenomenology', and was created as a test to the dictator, closed minded methodologies that were unmistakable at the time.Carl Rogers is overwhelmingly viewed as the most compelling figure in the treatment field, even among professionals of intellectual conduct treatment (Barber, 2007, refered to in Ballasting Dyke's, 201 0); paying little heed to approach, most experts today perceive the significance of the connection

Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 26th, 2019

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Charles Goodyear - The History of Vulcanized Rubber

Caoutchouc was the name for rubber used by the Indians of Central and South America. History of Caoutchouc Besides pencil erasers, rubber was used for many other products, however, the products were not standing up to extreme temperatures, becoming brittle in winter. During the 1830s, many inventors tried to develop a rubber product that could last year-round. Charles Goodyear was one of those inventors, whose experiments put Goodyear into debt and involved in several patent lawsuits. Charles Goodyear In 1843, Charles Goodyear discovered that if you removed the sulfur from rubber then heated it, it would retain its elasticity. This process called vulcanization made rubber waterproof and winter-proof and opened the door for an enormous market for rubber goods. Rubber Bands - On March 17, 1845, the first rubber band was patented by Stephen Perry of London, made from vulcanized rubber. Perry owned the manufacturing company Messers Perry and Co., of London, England.Elastic FabricsEraserHeelHoseRubber Soled ShoesRubber Stamp InventionBalloonsTiresVulcanized Rubber On June 24, 1844, Charles Goodyear was granted patent #3,633 for vulcanized rubber.

Justice And The Criminal Justice Part Of The Legal System

LAW3CJU CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Word count: XXXX Felix Ferris Student number: 17290893 Seminar details: Tuesday, 4pm – 5pm (Room: MAR 171), Pascale Chifflet I. Introduction Miscarriages of justice illuminate the serious systematic problems that can plague the criminal justice part of the legal system. Such miscarriages show not only the fundamental weakness of an adversarial system, with its focus on ends rather than means, but also the reluctance of the system to consider its own mistakes. One such example is the case of David Harold Eastman and the recent quashing of Mr Eastman’s conviction for the murder of Colin Stanley Winchester . The case and subsequent inquiry demonstrated a significant departure from the norms governing areas of disclosure and forensic expert evidence. The Eastman inquiry lends consideration to the broader organisational and institutional response to miscarriages of justice and how they may be prevented in future. Attention may be placed on the important role of the CCRC (Criminal Cases Review Commission) in Britain and the error correction role such an institution can play. Further, as highlighted by the Eastman inquiry – the problematic nature forensic science disciplines largely contribute to the adverse outcomes in miscarriage of justice cases – these concerns may largely be addressed through the implementation of further oversight of forensic science practices including standardised testing andShow MoreRelatedThe New South Wales Criminal Justice System1385 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The administration of criminal justice and the operation of criminal process play an important role in our ever-changing society. 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With Technology becoming a part of peoples everyday lives it is to be expected that technology would cross over into the world of crime. New computer crime has escalated in the past 10 years. As with the advancement of crime it has also made advancements in crime fighting aspect of criminal justice, these advances help criminal justice professionals in the community while on duty and during the investigatory stage. The advent of technology in the criminal justice systemRead MoreThe Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in Dealing with Young Offenders1162 Words   |  5 PagesAustralia Criminal Process. Including the introduction of the theory known as Doli Incapax meaning the age of criminal reasonability, the Young Offender Act 1997 NSW as well new law regarding the rights of a child once they have been arrested. 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Family Curfews Can Not Keep Teens Out of Trouble Free Essays

Looking for freedom is human nature. Everyone wants to have his or her own space and time to manage. When you were a teenager, you sought for independence and tried to decide by yourself, but when you become a parent, can you still remember to let your children be free and have faith in them? Most parents will forget the feeling they experienced when they were teenagers and forgot to make the things right when they become moms or dads. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Curfews: Can Not Keep Teens Out of Trouble or any similar topic only for you Order Now They set a lot of rules at home for their kids and sometimes even strict family curfews. But do they work? Can they really keep teens out of trouble, or do they make it worse? Parents like to give curfews for their children like â€Å"you have to get home at XX time† and â€Å"you can not go anywhere without my permission,† etc. If they are grounded, they may resist it and get into trouble sometimes. In Irvine’s (2009) article, she cites Sanchez’s words that giving family curfews is like â€Å"putting a Band-Aid on the problem† (para. 25). You can not solve the problem your children have or prevent the trouble that may happen to them by setting curfews because curfews may cause computer game and pornography addictions, and family conflicts which is not good for building up the teens personality or keeping them healthy. Family curfews may lead to computer game addictions. If parents give their children curfews that they have to stay at home since a certain time, and because parents respect their privacy, teens may shut themselves in their rooms and do something that parents do not expect. In addition, teens all have their own computers nowadays, so it’s easy for them to have computer game addictions. They will play online computer games just because they can not go out and play, and they do not have other things to do at home. That is a kind of trouble that could be brought on by curfews, and a lot of parents barely notice that their kids are having some serious problems. Computer game addiction is a terrible behavior because it is something unreal. Teens who like to play those games are always easy to be attracted by the fantasy world that built up in those games and they are more likely to ignore their studies, family and friends. Sometimes because they don’t have a sense of achievement in their real life, they will lose themselves in the fictitious world where they can get a illusory sense of accomplishment. It’s dangerous for teens to escape to the online world to compensate their frustration in reality and behave violently to which they learn from violent video games, and curfews give some teens excuses for staying at home and doing these â€Å"geek† things. There was a news report from Nan Fang Daily, and Li (2003) said that a 15 year-old boy, whose parents gave him a curfew, was led to a serious addiction of computer games. When the parents finally found out, they tried many ways to solve this problem, but the boy was so into it and could not help playing PC games. Eventually he ran away from home and never went back because he could not endure the double pressure from computer game addiction and from parents. That’s clearly shows that curfews can not keep teens out of trouble, they can even bring them some severe problem, and computer game addiction is one of them. Just like computer game addiction, pornography addiction can be another bad behavior caused by family curfews. When teens are forced by parents to stay at home, they will find an outlet to vent their discontent, and they may indulge in pornography on the internet. Nowadays, it’s easy for people to bump into some pornographic web sites unintentionally when they surf on the internet. Since teenagers are people that are always curious about everything, especially sex, it’s more possible for them to take a look when they encounter those sites. Moreover, there are so many pornographic web sites on the internet, and people can easily open them, watch them, or even download them. For teens, these kinds of websites provide the exact knowledge that they yearn for. According to Family Safe Media (2001), the 12 to 17 year-old group is the main viewer who search porn online. So when they are ordered to be at home and are â€Å"working† with their computers, they may look at those sites and then are addicted to them. It’s easy for them to want to experience the sensation of sex because their hormones rise which makes them be impulsive and passionate for sex, and it’s possible for them to learn something wrong. There was a real story Mueller (2005) told about some 10 year-old boys who were from Christian families in which the parents were very strict and made a lot of rules. They were found having oral sex with one of their male classmates, which really shocked the parents. They learned to do it because one of them found a porn site on the internet and were quickly addicted to it. Then he searched for some more extreme sites and told his friends to watch and try to do what they saw on the show. This gives us an idea that if teens are restrained too much at home and spend a lot of time with themselves which is like giving them curfews, they may have computer addiction in pornography which is possible to put themselves in grave danger. Family curfews, moreover, can result in family conflicts. As we all know, teenagers easily become angry, insecure, confused, sensitive and impulsive. They tend to be more independent and have intense needs to be accepted by others. If there are strict parents in the families who give their children curfews all the time, their children will not listen but fight against them like Marmer said in Irvine’s (2009) article, â€Å"If you keep telling kids ‘no’ all the time and don’t give them a ‘yes’ part, they’re going to rebel† (para. 8). There are a lot of families in which parents set many rules for the children that cause family conflicts. Teenagers who are experiencing adolescence possibly will have the reverse psychology towards parents. When parents gives curfews, some teens may argue for their rights of being independent and make deals with their parents in which case their reaction can be accepted, but others may challenge the parental authority. They probably become resentful and aggressive which may lead to quarreling or fighting with their parents, and they will be hostile and frustrated that could bring about cold war with their parents and result in running away from home or even committing suicide and some crimes eventually. Furthermore, because some teens are required to stay at home, they can not keep in touch with their friends or team members. They may become introverted, isolated, and negative when they interact with people, and they may become less active in both sports and social activities, which may have bad influences on their physical and psychological health. According to Fox News (2009), a 11 year-old New Mexico boy murdered his father with his father’s rifle because his father was always very strict to him by giving severe curfews and sometimes punishments. That made the boy be angry and aggressive, feel depressed and neglected and want to rebel all the time which result in this astonishing consequence. This shows that curfews can cause family conflicts or even juvenile crimes by affecting teens’ behavior and twisting teens’ personality which will bring serious family or social issues. To conclude, we should not enforce family curfews on teens because they can not keep teens out of trouble, and they may bring more troubles instead. First, they may cause computer game addiction. If you keep your children at home, and then mind your own business and leave them with their computers in their rooms, they may become quickly addicted to computer ames rather than have social activities because they are stuck at home. Computer game addiction which can be caused by curfews is harmful for teens’ growth. Second, family curfews can also lead to pornography addiction. When teens are forced to stay at home with their computer as company for them, they may easily indulge in pornography on the internet and this kind of curiosity may bring some dangerous problem which has a bad i nfluence on the teens’ physical and psychological health. In addition, family curfews can result in serious family conflicts because teens are more likely to rebel when the parents set a lot of strict rules or prevent them from their friends. This may lead to severe conflicts between teens and parents that can result in terrible personal and social issues such as suicide and violent crime. Setting family curfews is not the best way to prevent teens from having trouble. What we need to do is communicate more with them and give wise advice in the appropriate moment like Berger said in Springen’s (2010) article, â€Å"The teenager should have his own good sense to guide him when it is time to come home† (para. 11). Reference Family Safe Media. (2011). How to fight pornography. Retrieved (12/05/11) from http://familysafemedia. com/fight_the_porn_addiction. html Fox News. (2009, November 03). New Mexico boy charged with murder in father’s death. Retrieved (12/05/11) from http://www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,571527,00. html? test=latestnews Irvine, M. 2009, February 11). America’s curfew debate. Retrieved (12/05/11) from http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2004/02/03/national/main597788. shtml Li, S. (2003, September 05). Computer game addiction: Who is responsible?. Retrieved (12/05/11) from http://gd. nfdaily. cn/content/2003-09/05/content_1520700. htm Mueller, W. (2005). Teens and pornography:always bad, getting worse. Retrie ved (12/05/11) from http://www. cpyu. org/Page. aspx? id=163417 Springen, K. (2010, September 17). Curfews: Yes or no?. Retrieved (12/05/11) from http://family. lifegoesstrong. com/curfews-yes-or-no How to cite Family Curfews: Can Not Keep Teens Out of Trouble, Essays

The Theme of Beauty in The Bluest Eye Essay Example For Students

The Theme of Beauty in The Bluest Eye Essay There is a saying that states that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. This means that everyone is beautiful in a unique way, depending on how others see them. For Pecola Breedlove, this was not a pleasant thought for her. Pecola is an 11-year-old, African-American girl from Toni Morrisons novel, The Bluest Eye. Throughout the majority of her short life, Pecola struggles with the image of ideal beauty. Pecola has to go through many tough and humiliating times because of her physical features and she never really got to learn the meaning of truly being beautiful. Pecola longs to have blue eyes so that she could look like the Caucasian women whose features were considered to be ideal. These features not only included blue eyes, but blonde hair as well. Still in society today, we have our standards of beauty as well. Caucasians may still consider ideal beauty to be blue eyes, blonde hair, and also thin physiques. Other ethnic groups also have their standards of beauty. For example, in African-American culture, a woman who is thick would be considered beautiful. There were many references to Caucasian girls and women that Pecola idolized. The first was Shirley Temple. Temple, a popular young actress in the 1930s and 40s, was best known for her curly blonde hair and blue eyes. When Pecola first moves in with the MacTeer family, she immediately developed a fascination for the Shirley Temple cups. Morrison writes, She was a long time with the milk, and gazed fondly at the silhouette of Shirley Temples dimpled face (19). This became a problem for Mr s. MacTeer because Pecola was drinking so much of their milk. Another reference to idealized beauty is the little girl on the Mary Jane candy wrappers. When Pecola goes to Mr. Yacobowskis store, she buys the Mary Jane candy. Pecola is also fascinated with Mary Janes blue eyes. She felt that if she ate the candy, then she would become Mary Jane. This is seen when Morrison writes, To eat the candy is somehow to eat the eyes, eat Mary Jane. Love Mary Jane. Be Mary Jane (50). We will write a custom essay on The Theme of Beauty in The Bluest Eye specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A movie actress that Pecolas mother, Pauline Breedlove, admired was Jean Harlow. Harlow was also a film star from the 1930s. When Pauline was five months pregnant (Morrison, 123), she tries to make herself look like Jean Harlow by doing her hair in the same style as Harlow. Paulines fascination with Caucasian beauty came about when she started spending more time at the movie theaters. Morrison writes, Along with the idea of romantic love, she was introduced to another physical beauty. Probably the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought. Both originated in envy, thrived in insecurity, and ended in disillusion (122). Both Pecola and her mother suffer from major insecurity of themselves. They both strive for positive attention from others and they want to be seen as beautiful. Caucasians are not the only ones who are seen as being beautiful in the novel, but there is also a young girl in the novel named Maureen Peal. Maureen was the new girl at school who was around Peco las age. She also has a lighter complexion and lighter colored eyes than the others did. These characteristics gave Maureen a lot of attention from other students as well as teachers. Maureen gave the other girls the impression that she was down to earth until one day the girls got in an argument over Pecolas father. Maureen had called Pecolas father black. Claudia MacTeer had asked Maureen who she was calling black. Maureen then called Claudia black and taunted her by saying, I am cute! And you ugly! Black and ugly black e mos. I am cute (73)! Maureens words had hurt the girls feelings and they began to believe what she had said. .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .postImageUrl , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:hover , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:visited , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:active { border:0!important; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:active , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Event That Changed My Life EssayThe Breedlove family consider themselves as being ugly because of all they see around them as to what is considered real beauty. They feel like they cannot have more or be more because of this. The family is full of low self-esteem. Pecola believes that by having blue eyes, they would take all of her

Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU

The proliferation of the Internet has created a new arena for the government to regulate. Passed in 1998, The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was intended to keep minors from accessing harmful material on the World Wide Web. COPA relies on community standards to identify material to be banned from the Web. In John Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU contended that COPA is in violation of the First Amendment because it prevents adults from accessing material that they have a constitutional right to view. Lower courts agreed, including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which found fault with the community standards provision. The court maintained that the very nature of the Internet makes it impossible to restrict access to a site based on geographic location of the user. In a reversal of this view, the Supreme Court ruled with a majority of eight to one that COPA’s reliance on community standards to judge obscenity harmful to children do es not violate the First Amendment. Writing the majority opinion in this case was Justice Clarence Thomas. He defended Congress’s attempt to tone down the Communications Decency Act, which was declared unconstitutional in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union. While the CDA covered all aspects of the Internet including email, COPA applies only to material on the World Wide Web made â€Å"for commercial purposes.† Also, COPA only restricts â€Å"material that is harmful to minors† unlike the CDA, which covered the broader realm of all â€Å"indecent and patently offensive communications.† This opinion of the court asserted that COPA, by defining material harmful to minors in a parallel fashion to the court’s definition of obscenity, would not restrict the wide range material Web in the way the Communications Decency Act had. In drawing up COPA, Congress used Miller v. California as a basis to define material harmful to minor as: Any communication, picture, ... Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU Free Essays on Ascroft V. ACLU The proliferation of the Internet has created a new arena for the government to regulate. Passed in 1998, The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was intended to keep minors from accessing harmful material on the World Wide Web. COPA relies on community standards to identify material to be banned from the Web. In John Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU contended that COPA is in violation of the First Amendment because it prevents adults from accessing material that they have a constitutional right to view. Lower courts agreed, including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which found fault with the community standards provision. The court maintained that the very nature of the Internet makes it impossible to restrict access to a site based on geographic location of the user. In a reversal of this view, the Supreme Court ruled with a majority of eight to one that COPA’s reliance on community standards to judge obscenity harmful to children do es not violate the First Amendment. Writing the majority opinion in this case was Justice Clarence Thomas. He defended Congress’s attempt to tone down the Communications Decency Act, which was declared unconstitutional in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union. While the CDA covered all aspects of the Internet including email, COPA applies only to material on the World Wide Web made â€Å"for commercial purposes.† Also, COPA only restricts â€Å"material that is harmful to minors† unlike the CDA, which covered the broader realm of all â€Å"indecent and patently offensive communications.† This opinion of the court asserted that COPA, by defining material harmful to minors in a parallel fashion to the court’s definition of obscenity, would not restrict the wide range material Web in the way the Communications Decency Act had. In drawing up COPA, Congress used Miller v. California as a basis to define material harmful to minor as: Any communication, picture, ...

Tips to Searching the Google News Archive

Tips to Searching the Google News Archive Google News Archive offers a wealth of digitized historic newspapers online - many of them for free. The Google newspaper archive project was discontinued by Google many years ago but, although they stopped digitizing and adding new papers and removed their useful timeline and other search tools, the historical newspapers that were previously digitized remain. The downside of this is that,  due to poor digital scanning and OCR (optical character recognition), a simple search of the Google newspaper archive rarely pulls up anything but major headlines.  In addition, Google News has continued to deprecate their newspaper archive service, making it extremely difficult to search  for content prior to 1970, although they have hundreds of digitized newspaper titles  prior to this date.   You can improve your chances of finding great info in Google News Archive with a few simple search strategies. Use Google Web Search Searching within Google News (even the advanced search) no longer returns results older than 30 days, so be sure to use web search when searching for older articles. Google Web Search doesn’t support custom date ranges earlier than 1970 or content behind a paywall - but that doesnt mean you wont find content prior to 1970 by searching, you just cant restrict your searches to only that content. Check Availability First A full list of the digitized historical newspaper content is available online at the  Google News Archive. It generally pays to start here to see if your area and time period has coverage, although if youre looking for something interesting or potentially newsworthy (a railroad accident, for example) you may find it also reported in papers from outside the area. Restrict Sources While it is most common to search for individuals in a specific location, Google no longer offers the option to restrict your search to a particular newspaper title. Each newspaper does have a specific newspaper ID (found after nid in the URL when you select the title from the newspaper list), but the site search restriction does not consider this. Instead, try using a newspaper title in quotes, or  use just a single word from the title of the paper to restrict your search; thus a source restriction for Pittsburgh will turn up results from both the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Date Restrict To search content older than 30 days, use the Google  advanced web search page  to restrict your search by date or date range. You can bypass the restriction on dates older than 1970 by using Googles site search feature on the news archive alone. This isnt precise, as it will include any mention of that date or year and not just papers published on the date youve selected, but it is better than nothing.   Example:  site:news.google.com/newspapers pittsburg 1898 Use Generic Terms Browse through several issues of your newspaper of interest to become familiar with the general layout of the paper and the terms used most often in your sections of interest. For example, if youre looking for an obituary, did they commonly use the term obituaries, or deaths or death notices, etc. to head that section? Sometimes section headers were too fancy to be recognized by the OCR process, so also look for words frequently found in the general text then use that search term to look for content. Consider whether your term is appropriate for the time period as well. If youre searching contemporary newspapers for information on World War One you will need to use search terms such as great war, because it wasnt called World War One until after the commencement of World War Two. Browse This Paper For best results when searching digitized historical newspaper content in Google, there really is no way around using the browse feature rather than search. All things considered, its still better than having to go down to the library to look at microfilm. Begin with the newspaper list to browse directly to a specific newspaper title in the Google News Archive. Once you select a title of interest, you can easily navigate to a specific date using the arrows or, even faster, by entering the date in the date box (this can be a year, month and year, or a specific date). When youre in the newspaper view, you can get back to the browse page by selecting the Browse this newspaper link above the digitized newspaper image. Locating a Missing Issue If Google appears to have newspapers from your month of interest but is missing a few particular issues here or there, then take time to view all pages of the available issues both before and after your target date. There are many examples of Google running together several newspaper issues and then listing them only under the date of the first or last issue, so you can be browsing an issue for Monday, but end up in the middle of the Wednesday edition by the time you browse all of the available pages. Downloading, Saving, and Printing Google News Archive does not currently offer a direct way to download, save, or print newspaper images. If you want to clip an obituary or other small notice for your personal files, the easiest way to do this is to take a screenshot. Enlarge your browser window with the relevant page/article from Google News Archive so that it fills your entire computer screen.Use the enlarge button in Google News Archive to enlarge the article you want to clip to an easy to read size that fits entirely within your browser window.Hit the Print Screen or Prnt Scrn button on your computer keyboard to capture a screenshot.Open your favorite photo editing software and look for the option to open or paste a file from your computers clipboard. This will open the screenshot taken of your computer browser window.Use the Crop tool to crop the article in which youre interested and then save it as a new file (try including the newspaper title and date in the file name).If youre running Windows Vista, 7 or 8, make it easier on yourself and use the Snipping Tool instead. If you cant find historical newspapers in Google Newspaper Archive for your area and time period of interest, then Chronicling America is another source for free, digitized historical newspapers from the United States. Several subscription websites and other resources also offer access to online historical newspapers.

The Afterlife and Heaven Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Afterlife and Heaven - Term Paper Example This essay considers the nature of heaven and the afterlife from the Catholic and the Jewish perspectives. The Catholic perception of heaven is well conceived and highly articulate. The Catholic version and understanding of heaven comes largely from the New Testament of the Bible, however it is referenced in the Old Testament. While there is no clearly defined version of heave, as the apostle writers of the Gospels all conceived it from slightly different perspectives, its clear that there are a number of unifying features. Physically heaven is said to the area that exists above the clouds in the blue firmament. As early as Genesis the Bible makes reference to this aspect of Heaven. Genesis indicates that the bird fly under the, â€Å"firmament of heaven† (Genesis, 1:20). In other books of the Bible there are slightly different connotations. For instance, in other areas of the Bible heaven is indicated to be the area of the sky where the stars reside. One notes in these definition the ancient understanding of the physical world, as the indications of heaven within these regions ar e now well explored and realized areas of the contemporary world. Still, one can begin to understand that the Catholic perspective of heaven presents it as a lofty and high region that is forever out of the reach and realization of earthly mortals. The interior envisionment of heaven has a number of characterizations as well. Within the Catholic religion one of the most pervasive elements of the interior aspects of heaven are that it is replete with angels. Another traditional articulation of heaven, including its containment of angels is that it houses the souls of just individuals. Indeed, this aspect of salvation is one of the cornerstone aspects of not merely the Catholic religion, but the Christian faith. In these regards, its historically been a much debated aspect within

Performance appraisal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance appraisal - Research Paper Example Performance Appraisals should be able to minimize the gap between the evaluation that an employee receives on a particular performance and the actual results the individual has achieved. However, this is seldom achieved. Studies have been conducted on the efficacy of performance appraisal as social and the emotional factors or the cognitive process on performance appraisal has been assessed. While it is vehemently believed that performance appraisal can have positive implications and help improve organizational effectiveness, these studies suggest that organizations have not been able to achieve the intended objectives in conducting performance appraisal. This paper reviews the perceived benefits of performance appraisal and the constraints that have hindered the development of an effective performance appraisal system. Literature Review Performance Appraisal has been defined as the "formal evaluation of an employee's job performance in order to determine the degree to which the empl oyee is performing effectively" (Griffin & Ebert, 2002 cited by Schraeder, Becton & Portis, 2007). Performance management is about improving performance but is often forgotten (Hendry et al, 2006). Aligning with corporate objectives and goals The PA system should be strategically aligned with corporate objectives and goals to achieve the intended results. This requires careful thinking and serious planning as the administrative, developmental, and strategic needs have to be integrated (Caruth & Humphreys, 2008). Therefore, an effective PA system should reflect formalization, job relatedness, standards and measurements, validity, reliability, open communication, trained appraisers, ease of use, employee accessibility to results, review procedures, and appeal procedures. Through written employee handbook the employees should be made aware of the formal procedures and policies. The appraisal factors should account for success or lack of success in performing a job. These should be well understood and uniformly interpreted by all appraisers. For meaningful appraisal standards should be thoughtfully set so that it ensures integration of information into the overall strategic process of the organization. Benefits of PA Performance appraisals are used to determine employee compensation, merit pay, while also facilitating human resource management functions. PA can also provide information about the effectiveness of the firm’s selection and placement programs, in addition to identifying training needs (Pettijohn et al, 2008). The most important function is to provide information and direction to employees which would lead to enhanced performance. PA is meant to gather information for personnel decisions such as rewards, promotion, transfers or termination (Kennedy & Dresser, 2001). It is also used as a tool to identify weaknesses which helps identify training and development needs. However, seldom is there focus on personality traits and behavior. According to Schraeder, Becton and Portis (2007) performance appraisals have definite benefits such as enhanced communication, enhanced employee focus by promoting trust; it leads to goal setting and enhanced performance. Facilitating communication reduces employee uncertainty, according to Schraeder et al while inhibiting or hindering communication is an organizational weakness (Caruth & Humphre

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation Vocabulary is the most active part of language. It can directly reflect the cultural developments. In a sense, vocabulary is the mirror of the culture, so is the color terms. The understanding and feelings to color terms of Chinese and English People are much alike, which underlines the possibility in cross-cultural communication as well as translatability. However the ways of thinking, beliefs, customs and habits of different cultures not only produce failures and misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication but also pose headaches to translators who are trying to produce ideal target texts. For example, color terms, the associations, symbols and implied meanings of color terms to different nations are different because of their different environments, ways of thinking, religious and beliefs. Therefore, in translation practice, the most important is to break the cultural barriers and convey the source cultural message faithfully and effectively. This paper compares and analyzes the culture of the basic color terms in English and Chinese and introduces several methods in translating color terms. This paper first introduces the notions of translation and culture, indicating the important trend in translationcultural translation. Translation has been viewed as cross-cultural communication instead of word to word translation. Then, it analyzes the differences between English and Chinese culture, and the close relationship between translating, language and culture. In the main part, the paper deals with cultural connotations of basic color terms in English and Chinese and the causes for similarities and discrepancies by citing several examples. By the contrastive study of cultural connotations of basic color terms between English and Chinese, we can know more about what is going on in peoples mind, in their language and cultural. Keywords: color terms; cultural differences. Chapter One Introduction Color terms are important parts that we get to know our world. There are many common points in knowing color terms between different cultures. Although the amounts in explaining color terms are different, words describe basic color terms such as Red, Black, Blue, Green are the same. Meanwhile, due to the differences in religions, politics and customs; color terms sometimes generate strong cultural characteristics. Color terms are an important part of vocabulary in every language system. Each country has its own color outlook and peoples color outlook is an important part of culture ones. English and Chinese have a long history in language system, they are both rich in color terms, and the same color terms usually share the same meanings. However, different geographic conditions, religions and other elements result in different cultural associations in these two languages. Misunderstanding happens from time to time and barries have been caused in communications. During the past three decades, translation is regarded as a kind of cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural translation in this paper means to bring the same meanings of the issues form one language to another language instead of words from the forms in English to forms in Chinese. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction of this paper. Chapter two shows the translation and culture, giving a detailed depiction of the relationship between culture and translation, and some of the major discrepancies between English and Chinese culture. Chapter three and four are the main part of this paper, some basic color terms such as Red , Black are put to improve the differences and same places between Chinese and English culture in translating. And at the end of the thesis, namely, in the last chapter, a conclusion is drawn. Chapter Two Color Terms and Culture 2.1 Color Terms Color term means the word which stand for a kind of color. This definition is easily understood, but Xiao Junshi (1982:26) once said that color terms do necessarily mean the same thing as colorful terms. Colorful English may appear as idioms or in figurative expressions, while color terms are words which simply show different colors. Like the onomatopoeic word, a color term has little merit in itself. Only when it suggests the image of the original, or fortifies the sense in the version, it has value in translation. As a part of words, color terms are used in writing to exchange information. Classification of Color Terms There are two main kinds of color terms: basic color terms and object color terms. Lu Hongmei (2006:38) defines basic color terms as words used to describe the color of objects when they appear. Basic color terms including seven kinds of colors. In Chinese, they areà ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «. In English, they are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. Although basic color terms contain only a few words, they are very active. Color Terms History in English In western world, people are more rigorous, they take a scientific attitude towards the objective world and objective knowledge. The oldest theory in color terms history is Aristotles Black and White Theory, in which color is made up of brightness and saturation. At that period, all colors were thought as different degrees of mix of white and black. Black and White Theory was ended by Newton who saw seven colors of the sunlight through prism. Color Terms History in Chinese A lot of plants names are used as color terms, especially after the improving of painting. Blue comes from a kind of plant called blue, and red comes from the plant called madder. (Luo geng, P8, 2004) Many Chinese color terms come from the name of plants or minerals. Although there is no theory about the forming of color terms in Chinese history, it is possible to learn a lot of historical things which have relationships with colors. Countless color terms can be found in Chinese poems, essays and novels. The following sentences are some typical examples. à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¦-†¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“† Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" ªÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ °Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He felt as if his head were spinning and his eyes swam before a kale endoscope of red,yellow,green,black,shiny,square,cylindrical,leaping,dancing,shapes(Zhang Peiji, P64, 1979) In this sentence, the color terms emotive function is showing the feeling, color terms can not be instead by the other kinds of words. Above all, color terms play a very important role in both Chinese and English cultures. At the same time, it is true that a translators task in translating color terms is not an easy task. He is the one who belongs to two language-culture backgrounds. He has to serve as a receptor of one message while being an announcer of message in another language of another culture. It is necessary for a translator to know color terms backgrounds and histories well. 2.2 Language, Culture and Translation Language and Culture Language is one of the important constituents of culture. Douglas(1980) once said, A language is a part of culture and culture is a part of language, the two are intricately interwoven so that one can not separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture(Douglas, P76, 1980) Languages are used to form production and explain the how the tool works; and in the situation of institutional culture, language is often in use; and mental culture must be explained and wrote by ways of language. So language is an important symbol of the culture. So it is safe to say that language has two important cultural functions. Firstly, it is the way of holding culture; secondly, it is the media in transmitting culture to youths. Language has such an important influence on a culture that some linguists believe that language and culture hold the keys to maintain national or cultural characteristics. Language is important in national sentiment because of its strong and visible symbolism; it becomes an important symbol. At the same time, language is influenced by culture. From a broad sense, language behavior is brought up by culture. That is to say, the ways of language that you use, are linked with your cultural background. In its most basic point, language is a series of rules for their use in relation to one another. Theyre unique from one culture to another. You may find it when you study another language. Here is an example, Confucianism, founded by Confucius more than 2000 years ago, has been deeply rooted in Chinese culture, Chinese people are taught from their childhood to show respect to the elders, be polite to others. This efficaciously explained the scenes that we see today in China and expressions as à ¥Ã‚ °Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¼Ã…’And address somebody respectfully titles such as à ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã…  to address people and words as à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã‚ to themselves were so commonly heard. Translation and Culture The fact that translating one language into another is necessarily contained both two cultures that results in the close relationship between culture and translation. In the first point, culture has many limitations on translating. As we all know, culture is the identity of a country, which determines its uniqueness from another culture. Both English and Chinese language have their own series of words and expressions that quite different from other cultures, which makes it impossible to find a totally similar word in the target language that we translate to, except creating a new word. For example, à ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’in Chinese and pinkeye and whitegoods in English. Translators should be very careful in translating these words in case of misunderstanding among the readers. Second, the most important roles in translation are to enrich the culture we want to translate to, and to promote the development of the language culture. In a word, language, culture and translation cannot be separated from each other. They depend on each other. Translator should master not only bilingual knowledge but also bicultural knowledge. The Notion of Cultural Translation Translation takes place between languages. With the development of modern translation theories, more and more people believe that translation is a cross-cultural communication. In fact, they have found that cultural factors in international communication are more popular than the purely linguistic differences. Thus in the field of translation studies, translators understanding of translation has changed: from word translation to cultural translation. Shuttleworth (1997:P35) defines cultural translation as any translation which is sensitive to culture as well as linguistic factors. Language is a part of culture, thus translating one language into another can be satisfactory if the translator knows both two culture well. However, language is the soul taker of culture. In the translating course, language is translated or transformed but not culture. The purpose of translating is to make the readers get to know the culture of the countries. Chapter Three Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color Terms 3.1 Contrastive Analysis of Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color terms There are seven basic color terms both in English and Chinese, but the number of color terms are more than 2,000 in the Chinese, and more than 3,000 in English. The English basic color terms are red, pink, yellow, green, blue, black, white, gray, and brown, meanwhile in Chinese they are à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½,à ¨Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ , Basic color terms are often used, they are main parts of this article. 3.1.1 Cultural Equivalence between Black and à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Black is the basic color in both English and Chinese color system. It has not only its own meaning-the opposite of white, but also include the following meanings. Darkness, Death, Misfortune and Sadness Black is regarded as the unlucky color. As we know, the hell in the western fairy tales and the same world in Chinese mythologies are dark places when criminals die. There are some hobgoblins such asà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦-  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸in Chinese hell and Satan in western hell. When people died, his or her relatives wear in black and they felt sad and grief. So black is also connected with sadness and misfortune. In western religion, Black Friday refers to an unlucky day because Jesus Christ died on Friday. In China football history, there are also a bad phenomenon called Black three-minutein 1989 World Cup, because of the defenders mistake, China Mens football team lose the game with 2-1 in the last three minutes. And they failed to go to Rome to take part in the 1990s Italy World Cup Finals. From then on, the Black three-minute is a nightmare of Chinese football team. Dirtiness, Illegality and Evilness In the Ballet opera Swan Lake, the black swan is the symbol of evil and cattiness. Chinese expressions likeà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã‚ º-,à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ´show that black in Chinese is also related the bad and evil. In English culture, expressions are explained in the same meaning, for example: Black money (to get the money through the illegal way) Black-hearted (man who are very evil and greed) Black sheep (a bad guy who do harm to his family or group) Cultural Non-equivalence betweenBlackandà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ In Chinese ancient history, black is regarded as be respect to others: in Xia Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, ministers wear a kind of clothes calledà §Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £(Ziti), which is made up from a black silks. And black is a color making people feel respect to others, and thats why people wear in black in funerals. Ancients always connected the black with the irons factors-hard, they place the color black as the color of justice. So in the Chinese opera, a person with black face is a justice person, such as BaoZheng in Song Dynasty. Black also has some positive meaning in English language. Black dress and black suit are the most popular clothes in western countries. In some important situations, noted public figures and magnates love to wear in black. And people in symphony orchestra wear in black and its show the respect to the audience. Black-hall means the hall which many VIPs and important persons in it. However, the word black is always connected with the black-skinned people, in early times, the black-skinned people were called Negro, but they thought this salutation was pedagogue, so they choose the word black. In western black-skinned people culture, things are connected with them are dubbed the prefix black such as black English, black belt and black nationalism ,etc. Cultural Equivalence Between White andà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ White is the color which opposite to the color black. Brightness In Chinese, animals with white suchà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ½and others is a lucky symbol, it bring the symbol of peace to people. In western countries, people think angles always in white, and the angle is the hand of God, they bring outlook and happy to human beings. Death and Failure White is the color of death in Chinese traditions. When a person died, his or her relatives wear in white, and the clothes calledà ¤Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ , they believe the deaths could go to the heaven. In western countries, the color white also connected with death. White and à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ also means failure. This phenonmen can be seen in the war, when one side of the war hang the white flag, it means they accept the failure and the other side is win. Other Connotations Enjoyed by bothwhiteandà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ White also makes people feel clean and honest. White man means the person is very honest. White also refers to the White-skinned people; the opposite of the black-skinned people. Cultural Non-equivalence Between White andà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ In Chinese operas, White face, for example: CaoCao in Three Kingdom period, symbolizes villainess and brings contempt, people can hardly see the true meaning from his face. Nowadays, white also describes the man who do not understand the meaning the other people says, such asà ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ White in English also has its unique meaningslove. White Valentines Day is the day lovers stay together and celebrate the day. And it originated in 3rd century in Rome. If a girl or boy receives a gift from a boy or girl on February 14th, and he or she gives another gift on March 14th, the actions are called White Valentines Day. Cultural Equivalence Between Red and à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢ Happiness, Luck, Love and Beauty à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢is the favorite color among Chinese. In Chinese traditional festival-Spring Festival, people in his animal year are wearing in red, and he or she want to get higher. The elders give money to the youths in a red bag calledà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦. And the youths always be happy when they receive à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦. In the Chinese traditional weddings, red candles, red veil and red dresses of the brides, all bring the festival atmosphere and make people think that days after wedding will become better and better. Red eggs are given away to friends and relatives on the birth of a baby In western countries, red is the color that shows the love to someone: if a young man give a woman red rose, that means he want to fall in love with the woman, he loves the woman. Aggravation, Violence, Danger and Shyness Red is also linked with same emotions in both English and Chinese. In Chinese, à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã…“ ¼ is used to describe rage and violent actions. The fire truck and alarm light are all painted red to indicate danger. In minds of native speakers of English, red is also associated with sanguineness, danger and violence. However, red face doesnt only mean angry, as we all know, if a boy says I love you. to a girl, the girl also turns her face red, and thats not angry, its shyness. Red is the color of blood, if a person was beat by others and he is injured, the blood could come out from his body, and thats violent. Cultural Non-equivalence between Red andà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢ The color terms red andà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢are not equivalent in many ways. In China,à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢is the symbol of revolution and communism. Chinese national flag,à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦, is red which means being stained red by the blood of the revolutionaries, whileà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¾is a corner of it. Whats more, à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢in Chinese is often used to express ones envy such asà §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢, while in English the word having this function is green. Red in English has some other usages. For instance, Red Nose Day is a day on which an appeal is made for donations for research into sudden infant death syndrome, marked by the distribution of plastic red noses to donors. And this is apparently not embodied in the connotations of à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢in Chinese. 3.2 Causes for Equivalences and Unequivalences Causes for Equivalences Human beings have common factors. They live on the same globe. Although their living and working environment are much different, theyre much in common. Cultures of various countries also have something in common. All these similarities are inevitably reflected in languages. Thats why equivalents can be found in terms of linguistic from and meaning. Black is the color of darkness and some secret and illicit activities always go on in the darkness. So black is extended as illicit. In black market, the business goes on in violation of publicly imposed regulations. Money got through being against ones conscience, such as corruption and bribes, is à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ±, and smuggled goods are à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ´ The similarities in connotation of color terms not only result from the similar perception to the world, but also have something to do with customs of people. In both China and English-speaking countries, people usually roll out red carpet for an important visitor, so there is roll out red carpet in English andà ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¯in Chinese, which indicates a lavish welcome. Causes for Unequivalences In the process of translating, a translator is more often faced with cultural differences. Every country has its own ethnic groups, geographical location, religions beliefs, values, political systems and so on. All these form the differences of national culture, which are also certainly embodied in language, which means culture determines the differences in connotations of color terms. As Lamb (1982: P358) observes, Its clear that religion and culture are inextricably entwined. Most experts agree that religion has endeavored to explain those motions about life that otherwise could not be understood or resolved. The study of religion not only for offers insight into the spiritual and psychological needs of people, but also gives us clues into the social aspects of a culture. The usage of color in religions and their sacred writings exert great influence on the connotations of the color terms. Besides the factors mentioned above, there are other factors influencing the usage of color terms. Some expressions with color terms come from myths, tales and some from literature works. Here we have only named some of the major causes due to the length limitation of this thesis paper. Chapter Four Compensation for the Loss in the Translation of Color Terms Literal Translation Catford (1965: P25) argues that translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point, although because of the necessity of conforming to TL(target language) grammar, the final TT(translation teaching) may also display group-group or clause-clause equivalence. In other words, literal translation aims at preserving the most possible cultural information of the meaning without changing the linguistic forms of the source text, so by offering a foreignized translation it can get not only a very high degree of the informativeness of the cultural meaning transferred from the SL (second language) text, but also a rather high degree of the effectiveness of the transferring of the cultural meaning. Of course, the translation can only be foreigized to such a degree that the target text is still readable. Besides, in a mass of linguistic facts, there are some expressions both in English and Chinese adapting the same color symbols and carrying the same cultural connotations, thus literal translation becomes the only appropriate strategy. Free Translation Newmark (1988: P46) defined free translation as reproduce the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original. From the perspective of cultural translation, the awareness of culture is of great importance for a translator to obtain an ideal rendering in translating practice. A good or ideal translation should accord with the demand and tendency of a particular time and should be understandable and acceptable so that is can enlighten readers to recognize foreign cultural elements. Because of lack of communication, in the past domestication (e.g. free translation) was preferred and most of those renderings that employed foreignizing methods (e.g. literal translation, transliteration) couldnt widely spread. However, because of tendency of cultural integration, foreignizing, methods can serve better for the purpose of cultural translation. Chapter Five Conclusion In the past several decades, cultural translation became an important issue in the field of translation. This paper deals with studying the color terms and its method of translation. It is easy to see that word meaning is the mirror of peoples cultural and social backgrounds. But it may be different in its meaning of this word from the other cultural groups. To better explain the methods of translation in color terms, the author compared the English and Chinese cultures in color terms from sources including historical background, religions, and so on. According to these Chinese and English cultural discrepancies, it is easy to understand the reasons why these two peoples think in different ways, which we should take into consideration. However, there are some shortcomings in this paper. First, the comparison of this paper only focuses on the basic color terms. Second, there is a large number of expressions with color terms in both Chinese and English, and the author cannot write them all, but examples given are enough in this paper because the target of the paper is not only to show the differences and same points., the more important point is to understand the reasons why the similarities and differences between these two cultures. With the development of globalization and international communication, it is necessary to learn cultures well before translating the language which comes from the culture. Color terms are more and more important in translating language. Moreover, mastering color terms translation improves the abilities of translation practice and cross-cultural communication.

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Solutions for Homelessness This great nation of awesome power and abundant resources is losing the battle against homelessness. The casualties can be seen on the street corners of every city in American holding an ?I will work for food? sign. Homeless shelters and rescue missions are at full capacity. There is no room at the inn for the nation?s indigent. Anyone who has studied this issue understands that homelessness is a complex problem. Communities continue to struggle with this socio-economic problem while attempting to understand its causes and implement solutions. The public and private sectors of this country are making a difference in the lives of the homeless by addressing the issues of housing, poverty and education. Many†¦show more content†¦Today, much of the nation?s affordable housing stock is being converted into condo complexes or commercial property. Even when disabling conditions such as addiction or mental illness are treated, the homeless must compete with other poor people for a dwindling supply of low-income housing. Homelessness is like a perverse game of musical chairs in which the loss of chairs (housing) forces some to be left standing (homeless). Equally important, poverty is largely responsible for the rise in homelessness during the past decade. A popular misconception is that the homeless are lazy and do not want to work. Twenty percent of the homeless population work full-time but do not earn enough money to meet their basic needs. Robert Hess, president and CEO of the Center for Poverty Solutions states, ?policies must be put into place to guarantee a living wage--the minimum income needed for an individual or family to meet basic needs: housing, food, health care, transportation and clothing (18.) 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